Sexual Content in Broadcast Media United States Case

United States Case Study The television was invented around 1925 but became popular in 1950s, and in America, there were more than 50million television sets in use during that period. Nearly every living room in America had a TV. Questions were then raised about the content, whether to regulate it or not, and how to regulate it. The television and radio were similar in some ways: both were broadcasted through airwaves (before cable), and both were regulated by the federal government. This paper shall discuss these issues in depth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Content in Broadcast Media: United States Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the beginning of broadcast regulation, there were not enough channels for all who wished to broadcast their information, the electromagnetic spectrum had been deemed to be a publicly owned natural resource. The â€Å"scarce public resource† then made simple come up with broadcast regulation basis. Both television and radio broadcasters operated under the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). With this, broadcasters applied, for licenses, to use a section of the â€Å"public property†, a definite frequency (UCSB SexInfo Online n.p.). Broadcasters, on the other hand, had a duty to serve the society’s interests. The obligation requires a licensee to ascertain the society’s needs and then provide a service to cater for those needs of the society. The FCC has the right to censor or restrict content with obscene material, requires fairness in political programming and segment broadcast percentages for certain content, for example, content for â€Å"public use† (Kaarina 233). Obscene programming is considered whereby an average person, with contemporary community standards, finds the material appealing to the prurient interest; the content demonstrates or defines sexual behavior in an offensive way; the materia l lacks literary, political, artistic or scientific value. Indecent programming is whereby the contemporary community standards measures the broadcast medium and describes excretory or sexual activities and organs in the broadcast (Kaarina 231). Indecent material was prohibited in the 1950s but later it was only aired after hours when the children have slept. The meaning of â€Å"indecent content† has changed over time. The National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (Center for Media Education 5) then came up with ways to call for censorship whereby there was self-censor with decency standards and production codes. The first Amendment of the US Constitution declares that the congress shall not make any law that will abridge the freedom of speech or the freedom of the press (Perebinossoff 234). However, the state legislatures and the congress have tried to hold back speech that is considered indecent, harmful to minors, obscene or injurious to children, such as pornography (Perebinossoff 234). Common legislation seeking to regulate media content is seen mostly in an election year. The US content regulation differs by the medium of expression. The 1st Amendment projection has affected the print publications to the highest degree. Radio and Television, on the other hand, have enjoyed the least protection degree. Initially the Fairness Doctrine and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) required broadcasters to have time to reply to those who said their views were criticized (Center for Media Education 24).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More That rule was then killed in 1987. Another rule that still stands till now is the â€Å"equal time law† for the political candidates. The broadcasters are restricted to barring the transmission of profane material, obscene content or indecent material over the airwaves. These rules do n ot apply to print publications. Congress has tried repeatedly to tackle this problem. However, their efforts have been in vain. They came up with the Communications Decency Act, 1996, which was struck down as unconstitutional. It then came up with Child Online Protection Act (COPA), 1998, which still remains in a legal uncertainty. It went ahead and came up with the Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA), 2000, which has been upheld by the Supreme Court of the country (Wayne 234). CIPA facilitated the use of technologies to filter and keep off pornographic content from computer screens in schools and libraries which received funds from the federal government. Indecent content is material which contains excretory or sexual material that is not at the level of obscenity and is clearly offensive. The First Amendment protects indecent speech though the Supreme Court has held it back. The high court allowed restriction of indecency for some certain main, for instance, TV and ra dio broadcasts. The same court recently disallowed Congress proscribing of indecent material on the internet or cable TV. The Federal Communications Commission’s rule of banning obscene and indecent material from being broadcasted on the radio or TV was backed by the Supreme Court. The Court established a public interest in the prevention of transmission of questionable material via broadcast medium, from 6.00am to 10.00pm. From 1978 up to around 2004, the FCC enforcement of rules against indecency was limited, that was until the Janet Jackson and Bono sagas. Janet Jackson, who was considered â€Å"the infamous wardrobe malfunction†, on February 1, 2004, was featured in the Super Bowl XXXVIII which was aired by CBS (Gunter 67). The show featured many celebrities, including Kid Rock in a poncho from an American flag cutout. Dancers repeatedly grabbed their crotches writhing to the music. In the finale, Justin Timberlake ripped one side of Janet Jackson’s bustier which then exposed her right breast to hundreds of millions of viewers in a split of a second. Many viewers were not sure of what they saw until the radio, internet, and newspapers accounted on the next day. Others wanted to have a second look. Hence, the show became the most replayed over the TiVo digital video recorders. CBS was fined by the FCC $3.5 million, the highest penalty ever, for this and other indecency violations. CBS refused, insisting that the incident was not planned for, which then turned around to the 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals in Philadelphia and challenged the indecency fine.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Content in Broadcast Media: United States Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another account was on a rock star called Bono. He was awarded in the Golden Globe Awards on January 19, 2003. The awards were broadcasted live and without taped delay. While accepting the award, he de clared, â€Å"†¦this is fucking brilliant†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Perebinossoff 234). The FCC Enforcement Bureau declared that he did not use the word to describe sexual activities or sexual or excretory organs. Thus, there was no basis for the argument in the indecency law. Congress managed to pass the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act, 2006, increasing the fines to $325,000 for each day of a violation or the violation itself, and a maximum of $3 million for failure to act or any single act. However, in 2007, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals said that fines could not be collected from companies for so-called â€Å"fleeting expletives† because, in recent times, even top leaders use the expletives in a manner that no reasonable individual would believe that it has been used to describe excretory or sexual organs or activities. There were several acts against obscenity and indecency including Child Pornography Protection Act (CPPA) was passed in 1996. It banned all visual depi ctions of minors, even if no minor is used. This law was then considered unconstitutional because it focuses on canning the content instead of banning the production. Deleting Online Predators Act (DOPA) was passed in 2006 by Congress but was not voted by the Senate. The bill mandated e-rate portion to prevent minors from accessing chat-rooms and commercial social networks in schools and libraries. This measure would not grant the FCC the power to regulate or decide which sites were to be blocked. In 2003, Congress passed the PROTECT Act (Prosecutorial Remedies Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today) ( NJ Law n.p.), which illegalizes misleading a minor via domain name in order to view content which may be â€Å"harmful to minors†. It prohibited pandering or depiction of digital or computer generated image of a minor engaging in sexually explicit actions. Family Privacy and Security Act was introduced in 2002 by Congress, though he did not make it out of the co mmittee. It required registration, with the government, web-page operators with web-pages with content considered â€Å"harmful to minors†, then they be moved to a separate domain. This required labeling of emails with sexual content, also to restrict the use of digital recording devices to view or record for lewd purposes the image of another person, including minors. Dot Kids Implementation Efficiency Act was passed in 2002. It provided that a â€Å".kid.us† domain to be designed for families and children using the internet, to provide a safe environment and prevent exposure to harmful material on the internet. Children’s Internet Protection Act was passed into law in 2000 after bundling it into the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001. This requires public institutions that use e-rate portion, to install blocking software systems to prevent minors from accessing material, which is harmful to minors, controlled by adult patrons. Position Paper There has b een an augmentation in volume of sexual content, imagery and talk on the television which are being condemned by people who are termed as â€Å"a rising tide of filth† and celebrated by others terming it as â€Å"liberation from the regulations of the past† (Gitlin 12). Sexual conduct is evident all over the broadcast media. Pornography has evolved from soft-core to hardcore. In the olden days, media posed restrictions for broadcasting, but these days limitation of broadcasting restrictions have burst. Long time back, couples in the â€Å"TV life† were aired sleeping on separate beds, while, in real life, they sleep on the same bed (Kunkel 15). These restrictions lessened until it has reached an era where the restriction lies within the individual. The FCC cannot restrict any longer. With the presence of internet, an individual can get any content from hardcore to live pornographic videos. In the writing, Pornification, Sex and Sexuality, By Kaarina Nikunen, Sus anna Paasonen and Laura Saarenmaa, it depicts how all kinds of pornography, from soft-core to hardcore, straight and gay pornography, male and female pornography, black to white, and many more, and how it has infiltrated the media (Gunter 67). Pornography is evident everywhere. It is evident in the explicit discussions in popular magazines, suggestiveness of music videos, refashioning of sex into art pieces and erotica of advertisements (Kaye and Barry 98).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pornography has now been integrated into popular culture and made part of everyday life (Kaye and Barry 98). Advertisements on television commercials bear sexually explicit content. Sexual desires have been transformed into commodity, made pornographic, and media are the foundation of this. Starting from music videos, they literally contain sex scenes; there are a lot of pornographic sites, also gay sites, like gaydar and cosimo girls which are online forums; HM’s street adverts, retro posters, films and educational sex videos and more. On the other hand, the accessibility, pervasiveness and the popular nature of TV makes it a brilliant instructor which offers a way to learn sexuality and sex without embarrassment. The images on the television, however, can be harmfully stereotyped, limited, and one dimensional, showing sex as an activity only acceptable for the young, beautiful and singles only. Sexual encounters may be erroneously represented as romantic, spontaneous and ri sk-free which may bring harm. The media, however, may help break the cultural taboos which are associated with sensitive sexual topics and may also bridge the gaps in knowledge about sex. TV shows and movies reveal a wide range of sexual expressions and raise topics such as incest, rape and abortion. The Media Project is an organization which works, with the television industry, to incorporate realistic information about sexuality and responsibility into this programming (UCSB SexInfo Online n.p.). They have even sponsored SHINE (Sexual Health IN Entertainment) Awards, which recognizes mass media outlets which have portrayed constructively sexual issues to the public. Works Cited Center for Media Education. A Parent’s Guide to the TV Ratings and the V-Chip. Washington, D.C.: Center for Media Education, 1999. Gitlin, Todd. Inside Prime Time. Berkeley: University of California Press,2000. Gunter, Barrie. Media Sex : What are the Issues. Mahwah, N.J: Erlbaum, 2002. Kaarina, Dick son. Pornification and the Education of Desire: Sex and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2007 Kaye, Barbara and Barry Sapolsky. â€Å"Offensive Language in PrimeTime Television: Before and After Content Rating.† Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 45 (2001):303–319 Kunkel, Dale. Assessing the Validity of V-Chip Rating Judgments. Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton, 2003 NJ Law. New Jersey Lawyers voted 2010 Best of South Jersey. Web. Perebinossoff, Philippe. Real-World Media Ethics : Inside the Broadcast and Entertainment Industries. Amsterdam Boston: Elsevier Focal Press, 2008. UCSB SexInfo Online.Sexuality in the Mass Media. Web. Wayne, Louis. Attempts to Protect Children from Unsuitable Material on the Web. New York: Oxford University Press Rowman Littlefield Publishers, 2001. This essay on Sexual Content in Broadcast Media: United States Case was written and submitted by user Charity Beasley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free sample - People and Organization 2. translation missing

People and Organization 2. People and Organization 2Introduction The management of resources in businesses and organizations is one of the major factor that is deemed important in the contemporary corporate world. Above all, the management of human resource has remained on top of the agenda among these businesses and organization organizations. Notably, the human resources in the contemporary corporate world are some of the determining factors on whether a company or organization would rise or fall. In connection to this, it is important to note that the management of human resources begins from the recruitment of talent, to training and equipping them with different knowledge and skills which will enhance the capability of these employees to handle challenges that arises on a daily basis in their respective fields or rather department. In reference to Silzer and Dowell (2010, p.3), for good or ill, people make the decisions and takes the actions that result in success or failure of their organizations. This report will therefore focus on some of the major issues which are considered when by companies in selecting the appropriate personnel. Notably, whereas education was a major factor which was considered in recruiting personnel in businesses and organizations, this has changed. Arguably, there are many other factors which are considered as important which must be considered to assist businesses and organizations across the globe to gain a comparative advantage over their peers in a particular industry. According to Mullins (2005, p.35), people bring their own perceptions, feelings and attitudes towards the organization, systems and styles of management, their duties and responsibilities, and the conditions under which they are working. In other words, education is not the only factor that matters in the selections process of personnel for a company. Therefore, among the issues which will be considered are; individual personality/attitudes: motivation, group and team behavior, orga nizational design and conflict resolution. Consequently, this report will focus on other factors apart from education in the analysis of the approaches that a company can use to select appropriate personnel, their effectiveness and finally on their shortcomings. Armstrong (2000) asserts that the recruitment strategy should explore methods not only of recruiting the number of people required, but also of finding staff who have the necessary skills and experience, who are likely to deliver the sort of behavior required and will fit into the organization’s culture readily. Therefore, the aim of examining the selection process would be to determine how effective a particular method is and some of the weaknesses which are reflected in the method. In addition to examining the effectiveness and weaknesses of selection processes, this report would also scrutinize the ideal profile of sales representative in a company that produces and sells cosmetics. Apparently, education is the major determinant of whether a person would be recruited by a company or not. However, this is not the case. Note that apart from education, there are other factors that increase the chances of a person being recruited. On the other, it is also assumed that all employees in a particular position must possess certain similar skills to be recruited in this department. However, this is a misleading perception since different employees have different tasks which require different knowledge and skills in different companies. For instance, a sale’s person in the motor industry needs different skills and knowledge from the one in the cosmetics industry. In line with this, a specific profile which is fit for a sales person in a company that produces and sells would be analyzed. In addition, the best selective method of a sales’ representative would also be analyzed. Needless to say, the method that is employed to select personnel determines by a lar ge percentage whether such an employee would an asset or a liability to the company. In line with this, there are different selection methods that have been identified in the corporate world. Selection Approaches Used in Selecting Personnel There are numerous approaches which have developed over time which are used to select appropriate employees who will increase the level of competitive advantage of the particular company or organization. In this respect, the hiring team is required to understand the context under which these approaches can be utilized and the factors to consider under each approach. The understanding of these factors determines by a large percentage whether the recruitment process would a success or would fail from the onset of the recruitment process. According to the Leading experts from Baker McKenzie lawyers and the Macquarie Graduate School of Management (2009), the recruitment and selection process must consider three main activities, namely; defining needs, attracting candidates and selecting candidates (p.218). In this regard, the selection processes are composed of various approaches. These include; individual personalities/attitude, motivation, group and team behavior, organizational desig n and conflict resolution. Individual Personality/Attitudes To begin with, the selection approaches to selecting appropriate employees who would raise the standards of the company or organization is utilizing individual personality and attitudes approach. In consistent with this, it is important to mention that individual personalities and attitudes are some of the most important factors which define the perspectives of the employees towards the available vacancy. In reference to Robbins (2009, p.108), factors such as job demands, the degree of required interaction with others, and the organization’s culture are examples of situational variables that moderate the personality –job performance relationship. In relation to this, individual personality and attitude plays a vital role in determining whether a person would be able to deliver results when employed. Remarkably, there is a difference between personality traits of a person and his or her overall skills for a particular job position. However, it is important to understand that the personality and attitude of a person determines the decisions which are made by the employees when faced with certain tasks. For instance, when a person is employed in the customer care department, the approach that such a person uses to deal with customer can easily be influenced by the attitude and the personality of a person. Therefore, a person can either be rational or irrational due to influences by his or her attitude and personality character. Consequently, whereas personality can determine the way employees respond to issues at the workplace, there effect is less influential. In regard to this, the use of personality as a way of determining whether an applicant is the right one for the job or not does not allow companies and organizations to recruit effectively. According to Kusluvan (2003, p.438), one does not need to modify style or curtail certain aspects of unique personality to be successful. This is irrespective of the fact that personality tests are critical in helping companies and organizations to understand individuals while at the same time helping these individuals to understand themselves. Therefore, whereas this is an important aspect in helping employees to realize some of their strengths and weaknesses, it has a lot of limitations in the sense that a good personality does not necessarily means that a person would be successful and vice versa. Motivation Motivation is another aspect or rather approach that is used to recruit personnel in companies and organizations across the globe. In this regard, the contemporary corporate world has greatly shifted from just being a ‘dry’ workplace to an enhanced workplace where employees need to be motivated to increase their productivity. On the contrary, lack of motivation at the workplace may result in low productivity and incomprehension. Therefore, by considering employees with the capability to motivate others, companies and organizations can be able to select appropriate employees for different positions. However, this is valid to a certain limit. Accordingly, Grant (2004, p.212) argues that the motivation index determined for a candidate will likely reflect motivation during the early days of employment. One of the potential shortcomings of motivation is the fact that individual motivation is affected by the conditions which have been set by the company or organization and the corporate culture which has been fostered by the company or organization. Therefore, the dependability on this approach as a way of selecting appropriate personnel is limited. Group and Team Behavior Group and team behavior play a significant role in the increasing production of companies and enhancing their comparative advantage in its industry of operation. Basically, the ability of individuals to fit in a particular group or team in the company is an important factor or rather attribute in a prospective employee. More to this point, employees are also required to work in some situation on their own. Therefore, the employee selection team need to consider both the ability to fit in a group or a team and the also the ability to work on their own. Van Velsor, McCauley Ruderman (2010, p.482) argues that some programs are structured specifically around small group activities, discussion, and personal reflection, whereas others offer hands-on opportunities through business simulations, artistic exploration. Team-building exercises, and new-skills practice. In addition, most members of the group learn through groups and teams. Therefore, understanding the ability of a person to fit in a particular group or team is an important selection aspect that must be taken into account when recruiting personnel for companies and organizations. Selecting employees using their ability to either fit or manage groups and teams may not be some of the effective way of recruiting talent into companies and organizations. This is as a result of the fact that individuals are required to fit both in teams and groups as well as work on their own. There are various limitations which have been identified along the way in using this approach in the selection approaches of employees. To begin with, since most members learn through groups and teams while on the other hand receiving orders from group or team leaders, this may affect their ability to think rationally on their own since they have learnt to depend on the decisions which are made by the group as opposed to individuals. Organizational Design In reference to Chang (2010, p.92), the organizational design must be flexible to effectively serve the purpose at hand. Therefore, while recruiting employees into the company, the selection team must consider organizational design as a way of ascertaining whether the prospective employees would be able to fit in a particular organization design based on their qualification. Notably, organizational design defines the purposes of the organization to a particular limit and therefore, any new member who is brought on board must meet certain standards before being accepted on the personnel team. Chang (2010, p.92) organizational strategies refer to preparatory activities and tasks related to workplace design, job design, employee selection and development, employee rewards and recognition, and the introduction of applicable tools for serving customers. Organizational design assists in selection of employees who are able to meet the targets which has been set by the organization or company in question. As a result of this, employers are able to acquire the exact talent that is required for their success. However, one of the weaknesses which have been noted lies in the fact that organization design changes with time. These changes have been found to affect the ability of some employees to perform in the company. This may affect the overall production of the company. Conflict Resolution According to Iyer (2000, p.8), it is clear that business principles differ across countries and these differences often translate into fundamental differences in employee selection and hiring procedures, conduct of business negotiations, information provided to consumers, pursuit of self-interest motive, to name but a few. Some of the issues which are considered are conflict resolution which falls under the ethical issues. Therefore, using conflict resolution as an approach in selecting appropriate employees is an important issue in positioning a company or organization to acquire comparative advantage. For a company to recruit personnel effectively based on their skills and knowledge in conflict resolution, these employees need to have a background understanding of the ethical issues which have been formulated not only by the company but also by regulatory bodies in the country of operation and across the globe. Nonetheless, using conflict resolution approach in dealing with the selection process is a limited way of personnel selection approach. The weaknesses of this approach in employee selection is based on the fact different department have different needs. In other words, not all departments need people to be involved in conflict resolution based on the nature of work this department handles. In line with this, conflict resolution approach is not necessarily an excellent way of recruiting appropriate personnel in the businesses and organizations. Sales Representative in a Company that Produces and Sells Cosmetics The kind of environment in which one is working is an important determinant of the qualities which are needed by such person. In line with this, different professionals are required to acquire certain skills and knowledge to be able to work in a specified environment. In consistent with this, a Sales Representative in a company that produces and sells cosmetics must possess key characters or rather qualification for him or her to be deemed as the most appropriate employee for this company. References Armstrong, M 2000, Strategic Human Resource Management: a Guide to Action. Kogan Page Publishers. Chang, CM 2010, Service Systems Management and Engineering: Creating Strategic Differentiation and Operational Excellence. John Wiley and Sons. Grant, PC 2004, The law of escalating marginal sacrifice: explaining a plethora of heretofore unresolved motivation phenomena. Maryland: University Press of America. Iyer, GR 2000, Teaching international business: ethics and corporate social responsibility. London: Routledge. Kusluvan, S 2003, Managing Employee Attitudes and Behaviors in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. New York: Nova Publishers. Leading experts from Baker McKenzie lawyers and the Macquarie Graduate School of Management 2009, Australian master human resources guide 2009. CCH Australia Limited. Mullins, LJ 2005, Management and Organizations Behaviour. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Robbins, S.P. (2009). Organisational behaviour: global and Southern African perspectives. Cape Town: Pearson South Africa Silzer, RF and Dowell, D 2010, Strategy-Driven Talent Management: A Leadership Imperative. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Van Velsor, E, McCauley, CD Ruderman, MN 2010, The Center for Creative Leadership Handbook of Leadership Development. John Wiley and Sons.

How to Write the University of Pittsburgh Essays 2018-2019

The University of Pittsburgh (colloquially known as Pitt) is a large research university established in 1787. Located in the industrial city of Pittsburgh, Pitt is home to 17 schools and over 19,000 undergraduate students. With an acceptance rate of 60%, Pitt was ranked 26th out of all public universities in the United States by U.S. News & World Report in 2018. The university has a thriving academic community, over 350 student clubs and organizations, and is known for its positive campus atmosphere; in 2010, it was rated as having one of the top 10 happiest student bodies in the country. The University of Pittsburgh strongly encourages applicants to write three short essays, granting potential students a great opportunity to showcase multiple facets of their personality, experiences, and interests. Read on for tips to help you master these essays and boost your chances of acceptance into one of the happiest and highest-ranking public schools in the country! This prompt provides you the space to demonstrate your   passions ,   initiative , and   desire to help others . Whether the impact you have made is large or small, the essay should show how you possess each of these qualities. Some good example topics for this essay: While the first example is on a â€Å"macro† scale, the second, more â€Å"micro† example can be equally as powerful if told well. If you decide to go with a smaller-scale impact, make sure it is written as a   story ; use descriptive details that really make the reader feel as though they were also there. While you should be descriptive and   show instead of tell   no matter what you are writing about (see guide to the prompt below for more details on showing vs. telling), it is especially important when writing about an experience that could seem trivial if it is not well-described. Be sure to also illustrate the impact; for instance, for the second example above, the writer could incorporate dialogue between herself and the student when he expresses his gratitude for her reaching out to him. Submit your essay and we’ll get back to you with helpful edits. As briefly discussed in our guide   How to Write the Common Application Essays 2018-2019 , the best response to this question should demonstrate how the intersection of your personality, interests, skills, and analytical-thinking abilities creates a distinctive combination — one that would allow you to contribute in an idiosyncratic way to the college to which you are applying. Taking it one step farther, UPitt is also looking for your ability to reflect. What evidence do you have of your uniqueness? What experiences can you point to that showcase your individuality? You will likely be doing some storytelling here, so it’s extremely important to   show and not tell. Here’s an example of the difference between the two: Note that the â€Å"showing† example also   avoids using any overused adages or clichà ©s , as such sayings can diminish the strength of the experience or emotion you are trying to convey. For example, when explaining the difficulties that come with growing up, writing â€Å"the inevitable blemishes of adolescence† is more distinct and illustrative than saying something like â€Å"the rollercoaster that is high school.† For some of you, this essay will be easy to start – maybe you’ve got an odd family tradition, an uncommon identity, a niche hobby, or even a peculiar birthmark that you could write about. In that case, be sure to point to specific experiences; you could focus on just one moment and tell the story with rich detail, or skillfully connect a few experiences together into one cohesive narrative. The key is to demonstrate your uniqueness through real-life examples and show how this uniqueness will translate into helping you excel at UPitt. But what if you don’t have some extraordinarily special aspect of life to point to? Don’t worry – most of the world doesn’t. The key is to remember that you are still unique! Your specific life experiences, background, personality, interests, and a million other things form a special combination that really cannot be found in anyone else. Try writing out all of your interests, skills, and passions, and then lift out a few from the list. Next, think about how these things come together and make you special. Are there any experiences that show how you, having your distinctive mixture of these separate identities or interests or abilities, were able to meet a challenge, relate to a stranger, help a peer, or learn something new about yourself? Really dig deeply into what you believe is truly unique about you, weave a story that features an experience or two demonstrating that uniqueness, and then show how this will help you contribute something distinctive to UPitt that nobody else can. With this prompt, UPitt wants to see your creativity and problem-solving skills. In other words, you should show the admissions office how you think . The key is to think small when answering this question: what’s a problem you see, and how would you fix it? We suggest you stay away from big national or global issues like â€Å"zero hunger† or â€Å"world poverty.† However, you may be able to concentrate on smaller, more specific issues within these broad zones, and most likely, the problem you’re interested in solving will be somehow related to family or interests or specific life experiences. (Bonus points if you can combine multiple areas of specialty together, drawing on your skills and experiences from two or more different academic or extracurricular areas!) The key takeaway here is that this prompt does not require a well-tested research project that’s been presented at multiple conferences — just pick any problem you see in your daily life and come up with a creative solution for it! As a word of caution, the only constraint is the word limit. While you have 750 words, the UPitt admissions office likely prefers the 200 to 300 range that they’ve suggested. In your answer, you should aim to have a brief background of what inspired your idea, an explanation of your idea, and the potential impact you’d like to see it cause. If you present something that requires a great deal of highly technical explanations, try your best to simplify it down so that any person walking down the street can understand your proposal. And worse comes to worst, pick something else! Remember: your actual product, process, business, or organization doesn’t matter so much as your inspiration and process – the story of your creativity, problem-solving, and compassion. Want help on your Pitt application or essays? Learn about our   College Apps Program. Want us to quickly edit your college essay? Submit it to our   Rapid Review program , and we’ll get it back to you quickly with comments from our expert team.

Robert Adam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Robert Adam - Essay Example Born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland in 1728, Adam led the neo-classical era of architecture in England and Scotland from the mid-1700's until his death in 1792. Adam rose to be one of the most influential architects in Great Britain employing the famed Neo-classical style of architecture.This achievement is reminiscent in many of his works all across the United Kingdom. After he earned fame on the completion of the remodeling of the Syon House, a Tudor-style convent situated at the outskirts of London, Adam was commissioned to build new structures and remodel existing structures which include, the Osterley Park in Middlesex and the Kenwood House, to fit the Neo-classical genre. But most importantly, Adam's works of genius can be witnessed today in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland where his designs of various structures and interior decoration continue to elicit awe and respect. Adam's stylistic influence in architecture has been massive and long lasting. However, his influence and innov ative ideas on interior design and intricate attention to details even on his tiniest of creations earned him the reputation as one of the greatest masters of interior design. He employed more flexibility and integrated aspects of classic Roman design which manifested hints and mixtures of Greek, Byzantine and Baroque creations. THE ADAMESQUE STAIR HALL ORNAMENT One of his most influential creations, the Osterley House, manifests Adam's genius and innovations in the design of interior delineating the Roman classical details on this particular work. 1The house features coffered Roman ceilings, apses, pilaster and grotesques reminiscent of the age of Antiquity. Adam's inclusion of the Etruscan dressing room gave the Osterley Park creation its most original and distinctive aspect, as Adam's utilization of this design is the finest 18th century variation of the Roman motif. Furthermore, at Kenwood House, Adam built a vaulted library, celebrated as his most intricate and beautiful creation. The vaulted library boasts of its soft blue palette balanced by white columns and hints of gilts, a creation unfamiliar in that era apparent only in that age's most intricate porcelains. Adamesque Door Surround THE ROOM The aforementioned innovative designs are typical of Adam who mixed neo-Gothic features with 'Etruscan' and 'Egyptian' motifs, considered minor features of the 'Adamesque' movement. Adam's style is unique, in that, it includes ornamentations reminiscent of the Roman motifs 2such as framed medallions, vases, urns and tripods, arabesque vine scrolls, sphinxes and gryphons. His distinct interior design also includes 3flat grotesque panels, pilasters, painted ornaments such as swags and ribbons and intricate color schemes. Adam's room arrangements, ornamental ceilings, chimneypieces and furniture characterized a 'greater unity and architectonic quality' in many of their features which are found missing or lacking in the works of his contemporaries. Although he was more famed for his architecture, his works on the interior and decoration of it, are of more lasting importance. 4The Pompeiian features and influence are evident in his decoration and setting of interiors, which give them the feeling of perfection and intricacy as Adam values ornamental balance and open spaces. THE STAIR HALL Most designers

Government Rules and Public Opinion about Hunting Research Paper

Government Rules and Public Opinion about Hunting - Research Paper Example The Chinese authorities put strong control over hunting activities because of political reasons. The general public interest in China is not in favor of hunting activities. "China Wildlife Management Authority started to plan an auction of hunting quota and permits for the fall season of 2006, in order to replace the original way of issuing the hunting permits based on case application and case approval† (â€Å"Hunting In China is Suspended - Again!†). On the other hand, Canadian laws with respect to hunting are more liberal in nature. Moreover, Canadians like hunting very much. The influence of religion and politics can be observed in the public opinion of hunting in Canada and China. This paper compares the laws and public attitude in China and Canada with respect to hunting. According to the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife Chapter II, Article 8, â€Å"The state shall protect wildlife and the environment for its survival, and shall prohibit the illegal hunting, catching or destruction of wildlife by any unit or individual† (â€Å"Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife†). ... Chinese authorities have divided the entire wildlife into two categories: special protection category and non-protection category. Hunting of wildlife in the special protection category is unlawful in all circumstances whereas licensed hunting is allowed in other categories. Article 18 of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife, Chapter III, states that â€Å"Anyone who intends to hunt or catch wildlife that is not under special state protection must obtain a hunting license and observe the hunting quota assigned. Anyone who intends to hunt with a gun must obtain a gun license from the public security organ of the county or municipality concerned† (â€Å"Hunting in China Is Suspended - Again!†). In short, hunting without permission is prohibited legally in China. Chinese authorities are respecting animal rights more than any other countries in the world. Public opinion continues to be strongly opposed to issuing new hunting permits in Chi na. "So you are saying that you can protect the animals by killing them?" said a netizen called Dazuiyu. "If we reopen the hunting ground in Dulan to foreigners, it is hard to say how many more will come. The number of animals they want is small this time, what about next time and the time after next? It will increase fast"(Yuan). Public opinion in China seems to be against hunting. It is difficult for the Chinese people to come out strongly against the governmental policies. They often respond through Internet in order to keep their anonymity. â€Å"Foreigners were previously allowed to hunt in China only after completing a complicated application process. By the end of last year, China had earned US$36.39 million by allowing

3 Levels of Society Essay Example for Free

3 Levels of Society Essay Society consists of three levels: the upper, middle, and lower class. This was established by philosophers Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx. Marx stated his views, known as the Marxist Theory. The Marxist view of scientific socialism was based on the short writings and views from two social scientists. The theory conceived by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels provided theoretical basis for the struggle of the working class to gain a higher class in society. â€Å"They viewed crime as function of social demoralization, caused by the Capitalist society. While Karl Marx himself did not write much on the topic of crime, his views on the relationship between the concept of social conflict, this concept was first applied to criminology by three distinguished scholars: Willem Bonger, Ralf Dahrendorf, and George Vold.† (Pg. 269 Seigel Larry J.). Willem Bonger had the belief that society was divided into two groups, the â€Å"have’s† or â€Å"the ruling class† and the â€Å"have not’s† or â€Å"the inferior class†. The law is supposed to protect all classes of society, but in reality the law serves the will of the ruling class. Unless a situation is in a potentially harmful way of the ruling class, no actions are taken. But when actions such as crime affect the people of power and something has to be done, the legal system discriminates against the poor because of the capitalist society. Being the lower class, people are deprived of materials and are still monopolized by the upper class, they now are more likely to commit crime. Ralf Dahrendorf argued that society of today was organized into imperatively coordinated associations. There are two associations who make up society, the people who have authority and us it for social domination and then there’s those who lack authority and are dominated. He says that society needs to step away from the ruling of classes and adhere to the idea of authority. Ralf states that society is made up of competing interest groups and formed his own theory on human behavior called the â€Å"conflict theory†. This theory is based off of a few ideas, such as, social change is everywhere, social conflict is everywhere, and every element in society iis a contribution to its own change. George Vold argued that the laws are made to help politically orienteered groups, who seek aid by the government. They need help protecting their rights and interests so they need someone with forceful power to help. He feels that a law can be created be enough people who share the same view and interests. In the end every case and criminal situation involves conflict of some sort. Crime is viewed as a social demoralization, as stated earlier. All three of these distinguished scholars had their own theories, overlapping in belief or not, on how society and crime worked. Willem Bonger believed society was divided into two groups, the â€Å"haves† and the â€Å"Have nots†. Ralf Dahrendorf argued that society was organized into imperatively coordinated associations. And George Vold said that the laws were/are made to help politically orienteered groups, who seek aid by the government.

Every Day, by David Levithan Essay -- Every Day, David Levithan

Breaking rules is what makes humans learn. This is what David Levithan interpreted in his 322-page fictional novel, Every Day. David Levithan uses characterization, vivid imagery, and irony to convey to readers that systems don’t follow rules. Every Day, a 322-page fictional novel by David Levithan takes place in Maryland. In the novel, Every Day, there are protagonists, and antagonists. The novel’s protagonist goes by the name A, and Rhiannon. The antagonists are Nathan, and Justin. Throughout the novel readers learn that A is not an ordinary human being. When A was born he was able to switch bodies of own his age everyday. When A was a toddler he thought that everyone was just like him, and he started to realize that his life was a lie. As the years went by a made up his own rules so he won’t ruin the person’s life, but that all changed when he was 16. He met a girl named Rhiannon through her boyfriend’s body, Justin. A fell in love with Rhiannon, and took her to the beach, and Rhiannon felt something different, and she liked it. One day A went into Nathan’s body, and went to a party to meet Rhiannon. A danced, and talked with her until he realized it was late and he had to leave as so on as possible. It was around 11 pm, and A couldn’t get to Nathan’s home any sooner so A went to the side of a road, and left the body. When Nathan woke up there were polices investigating his car. He claimed that a demon got inside him because he knew what was going on, but didn’t know how. A couple days later Justin wanted to tell Rhiannon who he was, and when he did she couldn’t believe him, but as time went by he started to fall for her. During the climax of the story Justin saw Rhiannon talking to A. Justin came up to A and they started to... ... systems don’t follow the rules because even though A knew the consequences of going to the party, and not getting home on time could affect his life, and secret. Levithan used irony to show readers, systems don’t follow rules by proving the universal theme. A 332-page fictional novel, Every Day, uses, characterization, vivid imagery, and irony to convey to readers that, systems don’t follow rules. In the novel, A is not a human; he is a soul wandering body to body each day. He fell in love with a girl named Rhiannon, and wanted her, but he knew it was impossible because of his conditions. The novel took place in Maryland, and was based off of A’s life. David Levithan used characterization, vivid imagery, and irony to show readers that you don’t have to follow rules, because it won’t lead you to your destiny. Works Cited http://www.polishmywriting.com/

Saint Mark’s Basilica

Saint Mark’s Basilica, which can be found in Venice Italy, has been considered to be the most important church in the said region since the early Christian period. However, it was only in 1807 when the said basilica became the official cathedral of Venice, replacing the Church of San Pietro di Castello. Due to its remarkable and authentic design, Saint Mark’s Basilica is noted as one of Europe’s most glorious and eccentric cathedrals. As it was said, no visitor or pilgrim can remain dispassionate about the specified cathedral once confronted by it (Belford, Dunford, Andrews, and Woolfrey). However, there are others who are confused once the details of the cathedral come into perspective. Whether it may appear delightful or not, analyzing the building’s history would help in understanding its eccentricities and would also shed light on its roles in religious faith and its contributions on the politics and prestige of Venice. The Story of the Basilica Situated at the heart of Venice, Italy, Saint Mark’s Cathedral has long been recognized as the leading representation of the Venetian faith and political memoir. True enough, such adherence to their religiosity is a result of the church and government’s embrace of Christianity as the leading force behind the cathedral’s establishment and the mark of religiosity among its citizens. From the past until the present, the Venetian government’s adage â€Å"Prima di tutto Venziani, poi Cristiani,† which, when translated in English, means â€Å"First above all Venetians, then Christians,† is considered as the defining factor of the Venetian living because it widely represents the subordination of the church to the state, yet the religion maintains its power over the republic because of its capability to represent the people’s beliefs. Venetians believe that Venice is God’s chosen city wherein he infused his grace through the aid of their patron saint, Saint Mark the Evangelist (Bershad, Mangone, and Hexham 205). The strong link that binds the spiritual faith and governance of Venice had its roots from the rich history of the renowned Saint Mark’s Basilica and the legends surrounding the interment of Saint Mark’s body in the said edifice. The Legends Three notable legends were said to be responsible for the rise of Saint Mark’s Cathedral as a religious representation of the people’s faith and the force behind Venice’s political array: The â€Å"praedestinato† (predestinate), â€Å"translatio† (translation), and the â€Å"inventio† (invention). Praedestinato claims that while preaching throughout Italy, Saint Mark, together with his companion, made a stop at the Venetian lagoons and formed an immediate bond with the people within the area. Upon returning to Rome, Saint Mark and his colleague encountered a storm leading them to sought temporary shelter in the Venetian lagoon. In his state of repose, an angel came to Saint Mark and told him â€Å"Pax tibi, Marcae. Hic requiescet corpus tuum† or â€Å"Peace Mark. Here your body will rest. The angel also informed Mark that at some point in history, the settlers in Venice would build his burial spot in that area, because if they do God will be giving them graces through Saint Mark’s intercession. With the given perspective it is believed that Christianity came about in Venice through Saint Mark (Bershad, Mangone and Hexham 205-206). The founder’s of Venice were said to have been notably persuaded by the idea of the city’s sacred ordination through th e intercession of Saint Mark’s body. Hence, in order to fulfill the specified angelic prophecy, it was said that Saint Mark’s body was stolen from Alexandria and was brought to Venice. This story then encompasses the second legend, the â€Å"translatio. † According to the legend, the theft of Saint Mark’s body occurred in 828. Venetian ships were blown off course and found Alexandria. An unnamed monk and a priest were members of the church that housed the remains of Saint Mark. The two holy men were befriended by two Venetian merchants named Bruno da Malamocco and Rustico da Torcello. In one event, the Muslims within the Alexandrian region threatened to destroy the church where Saint Mark’s body can be found. Hence, such threat catapulted Malamocco and Torcello to steal the Saint’s body and brought it to Venice to present it to the doge, the elected head of the state of Venice and Genoa (Bershad, Mangone, and Hexham 206). It is worthy to note that in those days, relics were regarded as powerful objects that serve as unifiers for social and economic entities because they attract both pilgrims and merchants alike. As such, relics were all welcomed, and that of Saint Mark was highly regarded because of the first legend that surrounds the patron’s intercession’s perceived grace. With the presentation of the acquired relic of Saint Mark to Doge Giustiniano Particiaco, the gift giving formed the permanent union between the spiritual and political realms of Venice (Bershad, Mangone and Hexham 206). According to legend, soon after the arrival of Saint Mark’s relics in 829, the first structure of the Saint Mark’s Basilica was commissioned. Modeled from the church of the 12 Apostles in Constantinople, the shrine of Saint Mark was then consecrated in 832. The third and final legend, the â€Å"inventio† or the apparition did not take place until 1094. During 976, an uprising against the doge caused a great fire that ruined the Palazzio Ducale (Ducale Palace) and the church that housed Saint Mark’s relics. Although the subsequent church was rebuilt right after the incident, the relics of the patron saint remained lost until 1094 despite numerous searches. A doge ordered a fast that tested the citizens’ piety and obedience. On the third day of the fast, a miracle took place. The ghost of Saint Mark was said to have appeared and filled the church with a sweet aroma. At that point, the basilica was consecrated, and Saint Mark’s body was finally laid to rest. The â€Å"inventio† was noted to have combined the religious and civic values among the Venetian’s because it is believed that right after the previous legends; God had given the Venetians their political authority. By replacing their former patron Saint Theodore, who has a symbolic link to the Byzantium, to Saint Mark, it is said that the Venetians finally acquired their freedom from the Byzantium (Bershad, Mangone, and Hexham 207). Saint Mark’s Basilica: Religious and Political Significance Over the course of the basilica’s history, the edifice played significant roles both in the accumulation of Venice’s political prowess and religious perspective. San Marco served as the mirror of Venice’s increasing power and self-confidence. Though initially created out of a spare brick building modeled to a Byzantine edifice, the basilica became a landmark that was completely and intricately detailed of luxurious embellishment which was derived from the donations of the faithful. As Venice attained its mastery within the Mediterranean area, the city became well-known as the location of the region’s most confessional shrine, marking Venice as the city free from the autonomy of any foreign influence (McGregor). As Saint Mark’s basilica became an important edifice to the whole city, a tutelary church which represents both the commune and the community, it has then become the annex of the state, an avenue where politics and religion meet (Jones). During its earlier phase, the doge was elected at the Ducal Palace and was then presented to the citizens from the Saint Mark Basilica’s right hand pulpit, which later on, upon the doge’s tenure, would become exclusively his (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). Back in the earlier part of the basilica’s development, the head of state was increasingly invested through semi-sacral powers. Hence, dogeship became an efficient and dignified part of the constitution, thereby placing the doge in the position that outranks the bishops and the patriarch. Under the banner of Saint Mark and under the leadership of the doge, the state then became a secular church which had their own traditions, iconography and feast days, enabled the people to practice patriotism and piety, and treated sovereignty as a divine possession (Jones). Saint Mark’s Basilica, being the state church, also served as an avenue for the city’s official ceremonies. Some of the notable ceremonies that took place in the basilica were the blessing of the soldiers, the 1177 Peace of Venice, 1201 assembly of Saint Mark’s crusaders from all of Europe that were about to depart to Holy Land to ask for protection and divine aid, and the 1377’s doge’s grant of leadership to defend the city addressed to Vettor Pisani. Other than these, Saint Mark’s Basilica was also considered as the rendezvous for prayer among the Venetians during moments of great pain such as the 1576 voting of building the temple of Christ the Redeemer, 1630’s prayer of intervention for the vote to build a temple for the virgin in order to free the city from plagues, and lastly during the end of Venice’s independence in 1797. The Basilica was also a reference point, for many merchants and sailors that journeyed by land and sea contributed in keeping the edifice a monumental mark of faith and a testimony of Venice’s greatness by giving out precious gifts, art treasures and marbles, which are still evident today (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). 12th of May 1797, the troops of Napoleon invaded the city of Venice. For the foregoing reason, Saint Mark’s basilica’s reign as the state church under the authority of the Doges of the Venetian Republic was brought to an end. It was in 1807 when the cathedral became the official seat for the Patriarch’s of Venice. Due to Napoleon’s orders, Saint Mark’s eventually lost the functions of the Doge’s chapel, and since then, it has been hailed as the city cathedral (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). Although some of the aforementioned functions of the cathedral were lost during Napoleon’s reign over Venice, it is still evident from the given facts that Saint Mark’s Basilica was one of the main forces that drove the once fragmented island of primitive Venice into a city that is unified by belief and nationalism. With the Basilica’s history and its link to the spread of Christianity, Saint Mark Cathedral continuously attracts thousand of pilgrims to date, adding up to the prestige of present day Venice. Saint Mark’s Basilica: A site of pilgrimage In the quest for a votive purpose, pilgrimage has been an important aspect in many religions because it embodies one’s faith over the divine deity. Long journeys toward a sacred place or shrine play a significant role not only in uplifting the faith of an individual but also in serving as an avenue to seek for moral significance. The focal point of pilgrimages is inclined to celebrating religion. Saint Mark’s Basilica is among the many holy places that are embarked upon by many pilgrims. The fact that that the relics of Saint Mark can be found in the said area, thousands of pilgrims yearly flock to Venice in order to seek his intervention through prayers. Being the center of the Venetian faith and once a political entity, Saint Mark’s Basilica can be seen as an avenue where one can witness the grandiosity of Venice balanced by its deep religiosity and history. As the eternal symbol of faith and Christendom, Saint Mark’s Cathedral is also well noted as the eternal representation of the city’s wealth, power, and history, as seen with its apostolic reliquary of arts that glorify the history of Venice and its role in the interconnectedness of the church and the state. For the foregoing, one can easily assume that Saint Mark’s Basilica, aside from its religious significance, also contributes to the prestige of Venice through pilgrimages. The site serves as an area for an economic phenomenon because of its capability to motivate the pilgrims to embark on a journey through its historical and inspiring account of miracles as well as the desire of the people to keep the spirit of Saint Mark alive. However, perhaps it should not be excluded that another reason for Saint Mark’s popularity, contributing to Venice’s prestige is indebted to its detailed architecture, mosaics and enough plundered sculptures that can satisfy any human. No other church in Europe is lavishly decorated, exquisitely mosaicked and more glittering than gold other than San Marco. Hence, it is also known as the â€Å"Chiesa De Oro† or the â€Å"Golden Church. † The spiritual material and Byzantium heritage of the West inspired the architecture of Saint Mark’s Basilica. The structure stands in a Greek cross plan, and above the cross are five cupolas which are said to represent the presence of God over the church (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). Covering the cathedral’s old ceilings, atriums, walls, and multiple domes are more than 8000 square meters of mosaics created between the 12th and 17th centuries by eastern masters. The mosaic represents biblical stories from the old and new testaments, allegorical individuals, and events in the lives of Christ, Virgin Mary, Saint Mark, and other saints. The interaction of the mosaics’ warm color, most especially gold with the dim light that changes color according to the time of the day, is said to promote evocative feelings among its visitors. More importantly, the mosaics serve as a significant evidence of the Venetian people’s ambitions and faith (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). The sculptures present within the church also add up to the richness of its history, as each culture is generated from different epochs and origins. Saint Mark’s treasures are also highly regarded because they are considered to be the richest documentation of the most refined items found in the basilica such as gold, silver and precious stones, which celebrate the craftsmanship of the Venetians. Pala d’Oro, the most important piece of treasure in the church, is the high altar that contains the relics of Venice’s patron saint, Saint Mark (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). Other than these, almost all of the areas found within the basilica like the baptistery alcove and the Marciano Museum are truly cultural treasures that add pride to the Venetian culture and religious perspective (Procuratoria di San Marco Venezia). Perhaps, the only disappointing aspect about the architecture of San Marco is the fact that the value of pilgrimage is undermined by the desire of the visitors to merely witness the basilica’s architecture and not to regard its spiritual value. Conclusion Based on the information provided, it can be gleaned that the Basilica of Saint Mark played a significant role in the religious and political aspect of the Venetians way of life. Religiously, the basilica was established out of the faith of the citizens that God chose the city of Venice to infuse his grace through the aid of Saint Mark. As such, the state, in its subjugation to the religion, used Saint Mark’s Basilica as the edifice that would serve as the testimony of Venetian faith and political power. Other than this, as the tutelary church of Venice, Saint Mark’s Basilica was a strong symbolism of community and commune where the state citizens, despite being run by Doges, believed that they were under God’s grace, and that the interconnectedness of the church and the state was endowed by God to be supported. Most importantly, Saint Mark’s Basilica served as an important force that unified the whole city of Venice. From a city that was once a refuge for people of dependence to the Byzantium, the basilica became the focal point of the Venetians’ freedom from Byzantium regime. Currently, the rich history and religious significance of Saint Mark’s Basilica is still evident through the maintenance of the edifice together with Saint Mark’s relics. The basilica’s spread of Christendom continued as well through the pilgrims who sought to uplift their faith and seek for their moral significance. By allowing people to venture inside the basilica, modern day people are able to take a glimpse of the face of past Christendom and would be able to imbibe within themselves the contribution of the said church in the spread of Christian faith. In this sense, Saint Mark’s Basilica then and now truly adds prestige to the Venetian culture.

McDonald’s in British

The UK is the largest European market for fast-food, probably because the market is more developed than in other European countries. McDonald's first British unit opened in Woolwich, London, in 1974. Its growth from the first restaurant was dramatic. At the end of 1999, it had over 1,000 outlets in the UK, of which 302 were run by franchisees. McDonald's employed over 48,000 people; a further 16,500 worked in its franchises. The total sales from both its company owned restaurants and its franchised outlets reached  £400 million and it catered for 2.5 million people a day. By the end of the twentieth century, McDonald's logo was no longer confined to the high streets but extended to leisure centres and retail parks as well as airports and cross-Channel ferries. McDonald's has gone beyond this by opening its own motorway service station called McDonald's Services which it opened on the M5 in Devon in 1999. In February 2001 McDonald's bought a 33 per cent stake in Prà ªt à   Manger. McDonald's dominates the chained fast-food sector both in terms of company and brand terms, taking a share, by value, of 52 per cent n 1999. Together McDonald's and Burger King had 73 per cent of the market in 1999. In a busy world where one does not even have time to change out of his work clothes to spend â€Å"quality† time with his or her daughter, McDonald's is there to help. The food is necessary to have the fun and companionship, but what the food consists of is irrelevant. Love (1995) points out that as McDonald's started to expand in the late 1960s it realized that to cultivate a national mass market, it needed to develop a media campaign that focused on the family rather than the product and price. When McDonald's returned to their complete American menu, altered their buildings to be more similar to their American architecture, and modified their ad campaigns to â€Å"food, folks, and fun,† – the myths of hard work and leisure, Americana and American culture and consensus – did their work. In Britain the McDonald's ads proclaimed,   â€Å"The United Tastes of America.† In the UK, adverts were aimed in the middle of the biggest market, the family segment. If children wanted to have fun at McDonald's, their parents would take them, and they would be McDonald's customers for life. From my perspective, the McDonald's success is based upon its ability to tell a story, a story that does not make sense from a logical perspective but rather from an aesthetic one. The story has coherence and fidelity and helps one solve his or her problem through the purchase and possession of commodities. McDonald's is successful not through the components of a rational system that includes efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control, but through its advertising campaign that hails each of us to come in and buy its product of â€Å"food, folks, and fun,† to come in and fulfil our American dream. Although most Americans would not consider McDonald's to make the â€Å"best† hamburger in their home towns, McDonald's is hugely successful on an international basis. One does not go to McDonald's expecting the best hamburger in town. One goes to McDonald's expecting the image. McDonald's success is due to their creation of a narrative that is not necessarily true but rather provides us with a sense of personal identity, a sense of community life, a basis for conduct, and explanations of that which cannot be known. Labour shortages encourage fast-food employers to alter their work systems in ways that minimize the demand for labour through reorganization or technological change. Subway Sandwiches supplies franchisees with pre-portioned sandwich ingredients from centralized food preparation plants; McDonald's has experimented with robotic french fry makers, automated touch-screen ordering machines, and automatic electronic payment systems for cashless drive-through service. McDonald's also expects its new â€Å"Made for You† food preparation system to reduce employee turnover and provide some labour savings. Before the imposition of the minimum wage McDonald's employees worked in the regions under 18 started on  £3.25 per hour and those over 18 started on  £3.50 per hour. In the UK McDonald's has three separate pay ‘scales' for inner London, outer London and the provinces and it has both under-18 and over-18 starting rates. In fact McDonald's increased its UK pay rates again by a flat rate of 10 pence on 28 March 1999 to bring the over-18 starting rate to  £3.60 outside London. Something like 70 per cent of McDonald's UK employees are under 21, and approximately 30 per cent are under 18. In October 1999 McDonald's was the last of the leading fast-food chains to remove the youth rate for under 18s. In 2000 McDonald's increased its minimum rate outside London to  £3.75, once again probably in response to the small increase in the minimum wage for that year of  £3.70. Figures from IDS (2001) suggest that McDonald's does not pay the lowest wages in the sector: it actually appears somewhere in the middle compared with other companies. However, its dominance in the market place undoubtedly has a constraining effect on wages amongst its competitors. The evidence at the McLibel trial also confirms this. Vidal (1997:312) states that the judge commented that: â€Å"the British McDonald's operation pays low wages and it depresses wages for other workers in the industry.† Of course McDonald's has been increasingly involved in the acquisition of other companies in recent years. In the UK the purchase of the Aroma coffee chain and more recently Prà ªt à   Manger may signal a new corporate strategy. In any case the relatively small number of restaurants in Europe compared with that in the US suggests that the European market is likely to experience a lot more expansion in future, although McDonald's is already the market leader in the UK. The UK McDonald's is, as in many other countries, expanding rapidly and becoming an increasingly important feature of modern employment. Although the majority of outlets in the sector are independent operations, it is the chain operations often owned by large multinationals which are the most profitable and which are driving growth. It is a highly competitive industry and labour costs are a large percentage of the overall costs of the business. It is hardly surprising therefore that there is likely to be a continual and persistent downward pressure on wages and conditions in this sector. Bibliography IDS. 2001, â€Å"The national minimum wage in pubs and restaurants†, Incomes Data Services, March: 1-8. Love J. F. 1995, McDonald’s: Behind the arches. New York: Bantam. Vidal, J. 1997, McLibel: Burger Culture on Trial, London: Macmillan.   

Huck Finn theme essay Essay Example

Huck Finn theme essay Essay Example Huck Finn theme essay Paper Huck Finn theme essay Paper Essay Topic: The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Twain uses Husks journey to overcome societal pressure and his efforts to formulate his own idea of morality, to exemplify the importance of autonomy rather than conformity. The dangers of succumbing to the standards of society prevents us from doing what we know is right and instead makes us sheep rather than individuals. In the sass, there was a common attitude of hatred toward blacks, clearly illustrated In Paps drunken rant addressing slaves rights to vote, why anti this [slave] put up at auction and sold (27). Twains use of Paps dragged on rant reveals the demeaning view of blacks as property rather than human beings. This strong opposition to their voting privileges greatly reflects the views of many Americans against abolition during this time period, displaying the Ignorance and racism exhibited by most people. When Houck began traveling with Jim, a runaway slave, he had promised to keep quiet about Jims escape from his master. In the back of his mind, however, he worried that people would call [him] a low-down abolitionist and despise [him] for keeping mum (43). This line in the novel further emphasizes the abomination of protecting a slave in this society. Blinded by the racism and reception of blacks as inferior, people viewed abolitionists as [slave]-lovers; this being the worst title someone could possibly have during this period in time. Though Houck was willing to be Jims partner on their Journey, he still thought about the consequences of his decision and how It would damage him socially. During Houck and Jims Journey down the river, the two were able to create a special bond that allowed Houck to see slaves In a way he was never able to before. Following several instances of playing tricks on Jim, Houck realized the degree of these inconsiderate ranks. Seeing the sadness and disappointment in Jims eyes, he exclaimed l wouldnt done it if I knew it would make him feel that way (87). Husks eyes opened to the fact that slaves really do have feelings. Jims reaction to the ordeal sparked a feeling of remorse and regret for his poor decision to humiliate his friend. He experiences an emotion he never would have felt if he was back home in SST. Petersburg, where he wouldnt have been able to recognize a situation like this with another slave. When Jim speaks of his children back home and his mission to free his Emily from slavery, Houck responds by thinking, l do believe he cared Just as much for his people as white folks does for theirs (158). By this point in the novel, Houck was able to make connections. In contrast to the common societal beliefs, Houck created a new view that conveyed slaves the same as whites; In the sense that they substantial amount of empathy to come to such conclusions. Husks ability to create these convictions exemplify his growth and development of what he views as morality, steering him away from the things he was raised to believe and formulating individual conceptions. Uniquely, the idea of society and conformity was attacked by Colonel Sherbets in the midst of an angry mob threatening to lynch him in front of his own home. Shrubberys tirade verbally charged at the mobs efforts, declaring, a mob; they dont fight with the courage thats born in them, but the courage thats borrowed from their mass (148). Twain uses this part of Shrubberys speech to suggest that courage is not merely following someone elses cause, but doing what you believe is the right thing. This form of Justice is meant to portray followers of ass as valiant and heroic, but they are really cowardice in the sense that they are not fighting for a cause that they strongly advocate for individually; only conforming in an effort to succumb to societal pressure. Colonel Sherbets continues by Judging the validity of their bravery, amour newspapers call you brave people so much that you think you are brave Whereas you are Just as brave and no braver (148). This particular part of the speech demonstrates the false sense of valor that comes with following societys moral standards. Though it appears that giving into what appears o be right, it isnt always necessarily correct. It is our own views of morality that aid us in determining right from wrong, not the mind of a larger body. By following the influence of other people t hat all believe the same thing, were unable to progress as individuals and compose our own morals. Notably, Husks personal conflict regarding whether to turn Jim in to Ms. Watson or to continue protecting him, addresses the importance of moral independence. Houck fears the will of God, the plain hand of Providence [was] slapping me in the face and letting me know my wickedness was Ewing watched all the time from up there in heaven (214). The reference to God addresses the fear of not only punishment from a social standpoint, but a religious one. By helping a runaway slave, Houck was essentially committing a mortal sin and therefore would eventually be punished for this action by going to hell. This factor ultimately put a strain on his decision mainly because what he believed was the right thing contradicted the word of not only society, but a mightier power that could damn him to hell after death. Following this contemplation, however, Houck ripped up the letter that he planned to turn in to Ms. Watson about Jim, asserting, All right, then, Ill go to hell (215). This quote is essentially the moral climax of the whole novel. Despite society views on slavery and the expectation that runaway slaves should be turned in, Houck came to the conclusion that his moral compass was more important than that of others. This assertiveness was an act of independence, exemplifying that we come to realize that what society does isnt always right. We must depend on ourselves to differentiate right from wrong and make the decisions in the best interests of ourselves and others. Houck broke away from society false perception of eight, which was the demutualization of slaves, and made the decision to help Jim because he saw him as a friend and not as property. Houck valued integrity rather than conformity. Though Houck was brought up in the prejudice of Southern culture, he was able to overcome the pounding pressure of society. Husks decision to follow his own moral compass exemplifies the importance of independence, illustrating that wrong. Twains emphasis on the dangers of overcoming the influences of society in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, show the importance of discovering ourselves as individuals rather than following the masses.

County Government Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

County Government - Term Paper Example Hence, this paper seeks to explore the sphere of county government, and establishes facts on matters of a county government. Brief History of County Government Way back from the early years, a county or shire has already existed and established. A county is a political body or a division within the bounds of particular country. Tracing back to the English about a thousand years ago, counties have been serving a dual function: it acted as the administrative arm of the national government and regarded as citizen’s local government. In addition, along the eastern seaboard of North America, the structural form of the county was embraced and adopted by the colonists; they also acclimated its structure in order to better satisfy the needs of colonies geographically and economically (â€Å"Overview of County Government†). However, in the aftermath of World War I, what strengthened the role and function of each political subdivision are the factors such as suburban development, the government reform movement, and the increase in rate of population growth. In fact, these awesome developments opened the door for post World War II urbanization. Moreover, there were ‘catalysts’ that led in a new era for county government: the great changes in the structure of counties, appreciating revenues, greater freedom or autonomy from the states, and the stronger political accountability (â€Å"Overview of County Government†). Exploring County Government The term â€Å"county† has been widely used all over the world, and has given various definitions. One definition of county is that it is a political subdivision of a state, and power and importance of which varies from one state to another (â€Å"County†). It is created with a purpose and function, and role and objectives, though not all has functioning governments. In the United States, there are 3, 068 counties, and all of which differ greatly in range, population and other aspects. Counties are mechanisms for states to use in order to deliver programs within geographic limitations (DeSantis and Renner). To name some are the Arlington County, Va., North Slope Borough in Alaska, Loving County in Texas, and Los Angeles County in California. In addition, there are only forty-eight among the fifty states in the United States have operational county governments (â€Å"About Counties†). 1.1 Roles of County Government Counties are nothing without purpose and roles. What leads to the development of a country is mainly derived from counties. Where autonomy is given, counties perform several roles (Sellers 6.): county finance (which describes the procedure for the adoption of the budget legal taxes and assessment, and defines allowable debt limits and special funds like capital improvement funds), zoning and land use (which defines county’s authority to obtain, hold, and sell public land or expropriation); in roads, bridges, and transportation (analyzes the system of construction, maintenance, and improvement of road system); in recreation, leisure, and culture (county’s powers in the creation of parks and recreational facilities as well as its function to create facilities empowered by the government). Moreover, in terms of public safety, health, and sanitation (county has the authority to perform procedures about public safety like fire protection, and power to promote public health through construction of health departments, hospitals, and ambulance services). However, the role of a county does not

BHM 443 Legal Aspects of Health Care (Module 2CBT) Essay

BHM 443 Legal Aspects of Health Care (Module 2CBT) - Essay Example Care should be taken to review the details like filling time period, exclusivity, retaining medical records for defined period of time, and similar clauses. This section includes details of the period of the contract. Generally, the managed care contracts lock the parties for multiple years with consistent increase of charges each year. However, other terms and termination clauses may also be recorded in the managed care contract. Other details like address of health care provider, laws and regulations to be used in case of arbitration, rights of both parties in case of legal proceeding, etc. are documented in general provision section. It may also state other clauses like severability clause. This phase include gathering information about the plan, its scope, general market sentiments, and its applicability in provider's area. This assists in deciding if the provider wants to enter into a relationship with health plan; and also assist in contract formulation stage where bargaining power can increase if the parties have sufficient information about each other. This flows from information gathering phase. It is always good to know one's strengths and weaknesses. For example, if a health plan is new to an area, the provider can leverage this information to negotiate a better deal; as oppose to negotiating the same prices if the health plan is widely known and popular in the locality. Alternatively, if the health plan is in existence for years, the health provider may find it difficult to get any negotiating power while dealing with the health plan. The balance would thus be shifted towards health plan. Finances This is a sensitive area and warrants careful analysis before locking oneself up in a contract. This includes an assessment of health plan's fee schedule, capitation and other items that require both parties to jointly manage the risk. Some of the concern areas include capitation as per age, gender, employer specific capitation, financial incentives, etc. Financial evaluation may be termed as one of the most critical factors during contract negotiation stage and may be the showstopper if not carried out carefully. Contract A contract is the underlying legal document that defines the responsibilities, rights and obligations, termination clauses, etc. The final stage of contract negotiation is signing the contract. Care should be taken while reviewing contractual terms for both parties to determine if the contract is skewed towards one party. Additionally, all legally unenforceable clauses should be removed prior to signing the contract. What if a contract contains provisions for performing illegal activities If a contract contains provisions to allow illegal activities, then this contract is not enforceable by law. Thus, neither of the party is bound to do as obligated by the contract.